Peter Berger (1929-)피터 버거는 오스트리아 태생의 미국 사회학자이며 루터파 신학자이다. 토마스 루크만Thomas Luckmann과 공저한 "실체의 사회적 구성" The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge (New York, 1966) 이라는 책으로 종교사회학 분야에 의미있는 공헌을 하였다.
Peter Berger (1929-)
"오늘날 한국 교회의 문제점은 우리가 교회의 존재 이유와 존재양식을 혼동하는 것입니다...예배와 선교 자체가 교육적인 것이 되어야 하고, 교회의 모든 영역이 교육적 의미를 가지고 있어야 합니다."Culture is "the collective programming of the mind that distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from others." Hofstede, Geert. Culture and Organization. 2005. p.5
호프스테드는 문화를 "정신의 프로그램" 또는 "정신의 소프트웨어"라고 정의한다. 인간의 본성과 개성의 사이에서 문화는 유전되는 것이 아니라 습득되는 것이며 한 개인을 넘어 특정 집단이 공유하는 것이다.
Geneva College, Beaver Falls, PA
“Knowing Knowing, Knowing God: Contours of Covenant Epistemology”
Most people have never had a philosophy course; that doesn’t keep them from practicing philosophy. We all inherit “default settings,” unexamined presumptions about what knowing is, which are proving unhealthy and unbiblical. They infect every dimension of human life, including knowing God. “Epistemological therapy” thus holds the prospect of favorably impacting everything from business to Christian discipleship, athletics to scientific research. This lecture will introduce you to Meek’s “covenant epistemology,” centrally the proposal that we take, as our paradigm of all human knowing, the transformative, interpersonal, covenantally-featured relationship. We will explore its key features and the ways it accords with the Christian Scripture, commending its value for reshaping the way we engage the world, and restoring us to ourselves.
Related:
What follows are some sketchy notes from Meeks’s thoughtful address for which the audio and video should be available soon here.
She describes herself as “a one-trick horse” whose specialty is epistemology. Knowing isn’t more than one step removed from living.
Many people have powerful assumptions about knowledge. Meeks sees herself “as in the business of epistemological therapy. The way forward is to find our epistemic default layer (i.e., the default mode) and recognize that it is sick.
“Esther’s daisy of dichotomies” notes the default mode for many people. (The first item is like the center of the daisy, and the second represents the petal.)
This operates as a default setting, and people have presumptive opinions about what knowledge is and isn’t. One of these binary pairs esp. affects pastors: reason and faith.
Meek’s proposal is an interpersonal, covenantally constituted relationship, i.e., what she calls covenant epistemology. Knowing is not information so much as transformation, and it involves the idea of covenant as an unfolding pers0nal relationship.
Illustration: learning to read.
We know that we have made contact with reality when we have a sense of the possibility of indeterminate or unspecifiable manifestations.
Covenant is first and foremost a relationship of mutuality involving initiative and response constituted by promises and obligations, one that unfolds over time resulting in friendship and communion.
A critical and profound insight of what should be obvious: To be a person is fundamentally is not to be a reactional animal but a being in communion.
“I - it” vs. “I - you”: Information is “I - it.” An encounter is “I - you.”
Covenantal illustrations: (1) “Starbucking,” (2) dance.
Two necessary dimensions of situated stewardship are (1) the lived world and (2) the self that lives it. But there are two other dimensions that lie outside our own capacity to being or control: (1) any experience of the reality of the threat of not being and (2) the holy, namely, the gracious possibility of new being, a deliverance that comes outside of us and to us only when we are in the void, the other that graciously seeks our flourishing, the personal other that will not go away.
Having been known by and knowing Christ is the epistemic paradigm for all human knowing.
We are to “invite the real,” not passively gather information or actively demand it. We must practical “epistemological etiquette.”
Both knower and known are persons in personal relationship. Many might ask, “What about collecting data?” The question reflects a defective epistemic default (i.e., knowledge as information).
“I hope that all this draws you more deeply into loving and knowing him.”
"Knowing is the responsible human struggle to rely on clues to focus on a coherent pattern and submit to its reality." Esther Meek
포함하는 더 포괄적인 행위이다. 앎은 끝없는 인식의 과정이다. 결국 인간의 삶은 끝없는 알아감의 여정이며 알아가는 것은 인간됨의 행위이다.
"이스라엘아 들으라, 야훼 하나님은 하나이신 하나님이시니.." 신명기 6:4
장공 김재준(金在俊, 1901~1987)
"나는 이루어야 할 사명이 있다. 그리고 내 일생은 나의 이 의무들을 얼마나 잘 감당하느냐에 따라서 성패가 결정될 것이다. 내 사명이란 곧 나의 백성들에게 복음을 전하는 것과 교육을 실시하는 것이다."
Søren Aabye Kierkegaard (1813-1855)
사랑하는 당신에게,
배움이란 의미를 만드는 것이다.